The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that produce hormones that affect the work of almost all systems and organs. The average weight of one adult adrenal gland is 12-13 g, the glands are located above the kidneys (which gave the name to these organs). The left and right adrenal glands have a different shape, the first looks like a triangular cap, the second resembles a bean. Malfunctions in the adrenal glands lead to the development of severe diseases fraught with the development of serious complications.
Adrenal disorders
Malfunctions in the adrenal glands cause the development of endocrine diseases, which in turn lead to disorders in the work of various systems and organs. The consequence of malfunctions is excessive production or deficiency of hormones produced by the adrenal glands.
Symptomatology of diseases depends on what hormones are produced in insufficient or excessive amounts. Common manifestations of adrenal disorders are:
- muscle weakness;
- a constant feeling of fatigue;
- decreased appetite and, as a consequence, weight loss;
- irritability;
- insomnia combined with constant sleepiness, that is, a person wants to sleep, but his sleep is intermittent, not giving a full rest;
- headaches, sudden attacks of dizziness.
The main causes of adrenal glands diseases are:
- Benign masses (adrenal adenomas) that produce certain hormones in excess;
- malfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary system;
- autoimmune diseases;
- infections;
- tumors;
- uncontrolled intake of certain medications;
- malignant neoplasms.
The most common diseases
- Hyperaldosteronism
A condition in which the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone. Caused by tumors or disease (cirrhosis, heart failure). Symptoms: increased fatigue, weakness, hypertension, headaches, decreased potassium, seizures, kidney and heart damage.
- Adrenal cortex insufficiency
Decreased production of adrenal cortex hormones caused by autoimmune disease, tuberculosis, or long-term glucocorticosteroid use. Symptoms: loss of energy, loss of appetite, low blood pressure, nausea, hypoglycemia, hyperpigmentation of the skin.
- Icenko-Cushing’s syndrome.
Excess cortisol production. Symptoms: upper body obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, osteoporosis, dry skin, hirsutism, menstrual irregularities, muscle atrophy, tendency to injury.
- Pheochromocytoma
A tumor of the adrenal glands that causes increased synthesis of catecholamines. The main symptom is hypertension, which is difficult to treat. Additionally, headache, sweating, pallor, seizures, and anxiety attacks may occur.
- Acute adrenal insufficiency
Develops due to chronic insufficiency, infections, trauma or stress. Symptoms include a sudden drop in blood pressure, weakness, sweating, arrhythmias, abdominal pain, nausea, confusion and possible coma.
Diagnosis
The main methods of diagnosing adrenal diseases are:
- General blood test. Gives general information about the health and condition of the patient.
- Biochemical blood analysis. The most important here is the study of the level of blood electrolytes (potassium, sodium), as well as the assessment of kidney and liver function.
- Blood test for hormones. The main laboratory method for detecting adrenal pathologies.
- Daily urine analysis. Conducted to assess the work of the adrenal glands.
- Ultrasound of the adrenal glands and kidneys.
Treatment methods for adrenal glands diseases
Treatment depends on the type of disease and the patient’s condition. With hormonal hyperproduction, surgery is often required, after which recovery is carried out. In the case of adrenal insufficiency, hormone replacement therapy is prescribed. If the cause is infection or tumor, etiotropic treatment is performed.
Operations can be endoscopic (through small incisions) or cavitary (with opening of the abdominal cavity). Endoscopy is less traumatic and requires a shorter recovery, while cavitary surgery has a longer rehabilitation period. If both adrenal glands are removed, lifelong hormone therapy is required.
Rules for healthy adrenal glands
To preserve the health of the paired endocrine glands will help five simple rules that recommend mandatory compliance with doctors-endocrinologists.
- Avoid nervous overstrain and exhaustion, stressful situations.
- Rest. Watch the mode of your work.
- Eat right. The diet should include fresh vegetables, fruits, and herbs. It is important to choose products that contain the necessary amount of vitamin C.
- Do not drink alcoholic beverages, give up smoking.
- Get enough sleep. Sleep should be of high quality.
The role of physical activity in adrenal health
Regular physical activity helps normalize adrenal function, improves blood circulation and helps maintain hormonal balance. Moderate physical activity such as walking outdoors, swimming or yoga can help reduce stress levels and improve overall health. It is important to avoid excessive exercise, which can lead to exhaustion and adrenal gland dysfunction. Maintaining an active lifestyle combined with proper nutrition and rest is an important part of adrenal disease prevention.
Conclusion
Diseases of the adrenal glands can significantly affect the overall condition of the body, as these organs regulate many vital functions. Early detection of symptoms such as fatigue, headaches, blood pressure and weight problems will help you see a doctor in time and prevent the development of serious complications. It is important to remember that maintaining adrenal health requires a comprehensive approach, including proper nutrition, physical activity, stress management, and restful rest. Regular medical check-ups and a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of disease and improve quality of life.
